The Author xv

Chapter 1 Historical Perspectives of Male Health 1

What Is Male Health? 3

Male Health in History 7

Cultural Perspectives 9

Epidemiological and Statistical Evidence 14

Chapter 2 Birth and Infancy 29

Male Infant Mortality and Health Risks 30

Sociocultural Implications of Being Born Male 33

Circumcision 39

Chapter 3 Early Childhood 63

The Journey Begins 64

Boys Will Be Boys? The Role of Parents 65

Nutrition and Diet 68

Sexual Health 70

Disparities in Male Health Outcomes 72

Chapter 4 Toddler Years and Young Childhood 83

Defining the Toddler and Young Child 84

Vaccinations 84

Physical Health 86

Social Health 97

Temperament, Emotional Development, and Discipline 100

Chapter 5 School Age 105

Physical Health 106

Nutrition 110

Emotional Health 114

School and Learning and Social Health 116

Health Disparities Among School-Age Boys 127

Chapter 6 Preadolescence and “Tween” Years 133

The Preadolescent Years 134

Physical Health 136

Emotional Health 149

Boys and “Rites of Manhood” 155

Chapter 7 Adolescence 161

Physical Changes 162

Physical Health 163

Psychological and Emotional Changes 166

Sexual Health, Sexuality, and Sexual Orientation 169

Sexual Deviance 198

Violence, Aggression, and Bullying 203

Drug Use 206

Juvenile Offenders and Incarceration 211

Chapter 8 Young Adulthood 219

Physical Health 221

Social Health 242

Emotional Health 249

Nutritional Supplements and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids 269

Occupational Health 273

Chapter 9 Middle Adulthood 279

Physical Health 280

Emotional Health 301

Fathers’ Rights 305

Chapter 10 Older Adulthood 311

Physical Health 312

Emotional Health 325

Chapter 11 Elder Years 331

Physical Health 332

Emotional Health 334

Social Health 339

Chapter 12 Death 349

The Seven Ages of Man 350

Getting One’s Matters in Order 353

Chapter 13 Promoting Male Health 359

Advocacy and Research 360

Male Studies 364

Andrology 366

Misandry and Social Justice 367

The Future 371

Glossary 377

References 399

Index 445