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Environmental & Occupational Health
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josseybass.com
Table of Contents
Figures and Table ix
Foreword xv Preface xix The Author xxi The Contributors xxiii Chapter 1: The Clean Air Act and the National Environmental Policy Act 1 The Clean Air Act 2 National Ambient Air Quality Standards 7 State Implementation Plans 9 Hazardous Air Pollutants 11 New Source Performance Standards 12 Prevention of Significant Deterioration 12 Clean Air Interstate Quality Rule 13 The National Environmental Policy Act 13 Chapter 2: Particulate Matter 17 Characteristics and Deposition 18 Health Effects 21 Cardiovascular Disease and Particulate Matter 32 Particulate Matter and Public Policy 37 Chapter 3: Ozone 41 Health Effects 42 Nitrogen Oxides 54 Chapter 4: Sulfur Dioxide and Acid Rain 63 SO2 Health Effects 65 Health Policy: National Ambient Air Quality Standards 69 Acid Rain 69 Environmental Effects of Acid Rain and Deposition 73 Acid Rain and Environmental Policy 75 Chapter 5: Environmental Tobacco Smoke 81 The History of Smoking and Disease 82 Tobacco Smoke and Disease 84 Health Effects of Passive Smoking 89 Lung Cancer Epidemiology 91 Carcinogens in Cigarette Smoke 92 Smoking Cessation 94 Policy Controls on Tobacco and Cigarette Smoking 95 Global Smoking Today 97
Chapter 6: Children’s Environmental Health: Mercury and Lead 101 The Unique Vulnerability of Children 102 Mercury as a Case Study 104 Lead as a Case Study 106 Outdoor Air Pollution as a Case Study 107 The National Children’s Study 108 Regulatory Policy and Children 109
Chapter 7: The Role of Community Advocacy Groups in Environmental Protection: Example of September 11, 2001 113 The Disaster 116
Chapter 8: The Medical Response to an Environmental Disaster: Lessons from the World Trade Center Attacks 137 Immediate Response to Environmental Exposure 139 Analysis of World Trade Center Dust 140 Role of the Medical Community in Identifying Adverse Health Effects in Diverse Populations 143 Local Residents, Workers, and Children 148 WTC Environmental Health Center 151 The WTC Health Registry 153 Lessons Learned 155 Chapter 9: Chlorofluorocarbons and the Development of the Ozone Hole 159 Chlorofluorocarbons 160 Ozone Layer 160 Field Measurements of Atmospheric Trace Species 167 Ozone Depletion and UV-B Radiation 170 Policy and the Montreal Protocol 172 Ozone Depletion and Climate Change 174 Medihaler Impediments to Controlling Ozone Depletion 175 Chapter 10: Global Warming Science and Consequences 179 Global Warming Basic Science: Greenhouse Gases 181 Environmental Consequences of Global Warming and Climate Change 186 Human Health Effects 197 Global Warming and the International Community 203 Chapter 11: National Green Energy Plan 205 Energy Efficiency 206 Oil 208 Natural Gas 216 Coal 218 Biofuels 223 Nuclear 227 Wind 230 Geothermal Energy and Hydropower 232 Biomass and Hut Lung 234 Solar 236 Chapter 12: Climate Change Policy Options 241 International Efforts to Prevent Climate Change 244 State, City, and Private Actions on Global Warming 247 U.S. Judiciary Branch and Climate Change 250 U.S. Executive Branch and Climate Change 252 Congress: The Climate Stewardship Act of 2003 Through the Climate Security Acts of 2008 and 2009 254 Economic Factors Surrounding Global Warming and Potential Solutions 260 Prospects for Climate Change Legislation Going Forward 262
Chapter 13: Environmental Policy and the Land: Wilderness Preservation 267 The History of Wilderness Protection 269 The History of Wilderness Protection Evolving from New York State’s Leadership 275 Debates over Wilderness 283 Problems with Implementation of the Wilderness Act 287 Executive Orders for Wilderness Protection 289 Current Wilderness Legislation 292 The Land and Water Conservation Fund and the Forest Legacy Program 294 National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act 294 The Endangered Species Act 295
Chapter 14: Environmental Policy and Advocacy Groups: The Wilderness Society: A Case Study 299 Federal Public Lands and Wilderness 300 Why Wilderness? 301 Political Framework 302 The Wilderness Society and Public Policy 304 Wilderness Future 313 Chapter 15: Alaska: America’s Wilderness Frontier: A Case Study 319 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 320 Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act: National Parks, Wildlife Refuges, and Wilderness 321 Oil Versus Wilderness on the ANWR 329 Chapter 16: The Clean Water Act and Water Ecosystems 337 The Clean Water Act 338 Safe Drinking Water Act 344 Water Ecosystems and Environmental and Public Health 348 Chapter 17: Toxic Chemicals in the Environment: Government Regulations and Public Health 355 Toxic Substances Control Act 356 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund) 360 Notes 369 Index 407ii
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