Acknowledgments xv

The Authors xvii

1. An Introduction to Changing Organizational Culture 1

The Need to Manage Organizational Culture 2

The Need for Culture Change 9

The Power of Culture Change 14

The Meaning of Organizational Culture 18

Levels of Analysis 21

Caveats 23

2. The Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument 27

Instructions for Diagnosing Organizational Culture 28

Scoring the OCAI 33

3. The Competing Values Framework 35

The Value of Frameworks 35

Development of the Competing Values Framework 38

The Four Major Culture Types 41

Applicability of the Competing Values Model 51

Total Quality Management 56

Human Resource Management Roles 58

Corporate Missions and Visions 60

Culture Change over Time 64

Culture Change in a Mature Organization 68

Summary 70

4. Constructing an Organizational Culture Profile 73

Plotting a Profile 73

Interpreting the Culture Profiles 80

Summary 94

5. Using the Framework to Diagnose and Change Organizational Culture 95

Planning for Culture Change: An Example 97

Steps for Designing an Organizational Culture Change Process 101

Supplementing the OCAI Methodology 121

6. Individual Change as a Key to Culture Change 135

Critical Management Skills 136

Personal Management Skills Profi le 141

Personal Improvement Agendas 151

7. A Condensed Formula for Organizational Culture Change 159

Diagnosis 160

Interpretation 161

Implementation 162

Summary 163

Appendix A: Organizational Culture Assessment 165

Instrument: Definition, Dimensions, Reliability, and Validity

Appendix B: Psychometric Analyses of the 185

Management Skills Assessment Instrument

Appendix C: Hints for Initiating Organizational 209

Culture Change in Each Quadrant

Appendix D: Suggestions for Improving Personal 221

Management Competencies

Appendix E: Forms for Plotting Profiles 247

References and Suggested Reading 253

Index 261