Why Should Higher Education Be Concerned with the Identity Development of Diverse Students? 1

Development of Identity 2

Definitions 6

Organization 8

Theoretical Frameworks of Identity Development Theory: Foundational Theories 9

Foundational Theories of Identity Development 9

Evaluation of Foundational Theories 14

Dominant Cultures, Oppression, and Other Societal Issues Affecting the Identity Development of Diverse Populations 17

Cultural and Societal Issues That Impact Identity Development 18

Theory of Oppression 19

The Social Oppression Matrix 21

Social Identity Development Theory 23

How Oppression Impacts Privileged Groups 25

White Identity Theories 27

Conclusion 31

Theoretical Frameworks of Diverse Identity Development Theories: A View Through a Different Lens 33

Multigroup Ethnic and Racial Identity Models 33

Racial and Ethnic Identity Theories Pertaining to African American Students 39

Racial and Ethnic Identity Theories Pertaining to Native American Students 49

Acculturation to the Majority Culture 52

Racial and Ethnic Identity Theories Pertaining to Latino and Latina Students 53

Racial and Ethnic Identity Theories Pertaining to Asian American Students 59

Multiracial Identity 64

Conclusion 66

Multiple Identities: Acknowledging the Interrelationship Among Roles 67

Integrating Multiple Layers of Identity Development 69

Sexual Orientation Identity Formation 73

Women and Gender Identity 76

Implications 78

Integration of Identity Development Theory into Practice 79

Campus Culture 80

Implications for Administrators 82

Implications for Faculty Members 86

Conclusions and Future Implications 99

Appendix A. Case Study: Defining Academic Diversity at Reflective College 101

Considerations in Addressing This Issue 103

References 107

Index 119