Foreword.

Acknowledgments.

Grading Problems in Higher Education.

Assessment of College Student Learning.

Purpose.

Overview and Scope.

Correlates of College Grades.

Students.

Faculty.

Courses.

Discipline.

Institution.

Reframing the College Grading Problem.

Guiding Conceptual Framework.

Consequences of College Grading Problems.

Reexamining the Empirical Evidence.

Grade Increase.

Grade Inflation.

Grade Compression.

Grading Disparity.

Uncovering the Roots.

Influences on Grade Change.

Causes of Grading Disparity.

Causes of Grade Inflation.

Incentive Matters.

Searching for Cures.

Emerging Practices.

Strategies and Innovations.

A Shared Responsibility.

Policy Instruments as a Guide for Policy Design.

Conclusions and Implications.

Implications for Research.

Implications for Practice.

Diagnostic Method for Grading Problems.

Appendix: Grading Proposals at Princeton University.

References.

Name Index.

Subject Index.

About the Author.